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一(yi)、儲能(neng)電站(zhan)典型(xing)商業模式及問題(ti)

目前儲能電(dian)站典型商業模(mo)式(shi)主要(yao)包(bao)括合(he)(he)同能源管理模(mo)式(shi)和兩(liang)部(bu)制電(dian)價模(mo)式(shi)，如河南電(dian)網百兆瓦級電(dian)池儲能項目為(wei)合(he)(he)同能源管理模(mo)式(shi)，大連全釩液流電(dian)站則采用兩(liang)部(bu)制電(dian)價政策，本節(jie)對上述兩(liang)種(zhong)商業模(mo)式(shi)進行介紹。

1.1 合同能源管(guan)理模式

合(he)(he)同能源(yuan)管理模(mo)(mo)式是指能源(yuan)服務(wu)(wu)(wu)公(gong)司和電力公(gong)司簽訂能源(yuan)管理合(he)(he)同，按照合(he)(he)同約定條(tiao)款進(jin)行獲(huo)益(yi)，該商業模(mo)(mo)式下(xia)儲(chu)能電站(zhan)應用場景(jing)包含峰谷電價套(tao)利、調頻服務(wu)(wu)(wu)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)備用電源(yuan)等(deng)服務(wu)(wu)(wu)，其中峰谷套(tao)利、備用電源(yuan)收益(yi)由電網按合(he)(he)同提供(gong)給能源(yuan)服務(wu)(wu)(wu)公(gong)司，同時儲(chu)能電站(zhan)可以(yi)(yi)降低(di)電網線路損耗(hao)，延緩(huan)設備投(tou)資，從而達(da)到雙贏的效果。

1.2 兩(liang)部制電價模式

儲能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)可(ke)參考抽水(shui)蓄(xu)能(neng)(neng)實行(xing)兩部制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)定(ding)價(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)，投資(zi)方(fang)負責儲能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)投資(zi)、建設和(he)運(yun)行(xing)維護，其(qi)中電(dian)(dian)量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)用于(yu)彌補(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)充放電(dian)(dian)損耗(hao)，而容量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)用于(yu)補(bu)(bu)貼(tie)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)固定(ding)投資(zi)成本和(he)準許(xu)收益，電(dian)(dian)網可(ke)以根據系(xi)(xi)統調(diao)(diao)節需求對儲能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)進行(xing)統一調(diao)(diao)度，滿足系(xi)(xi)統調(diao)(diao)峰、調(diao)(diao)頻需求。

上述商業(ye)模(mo)式(shi)雖然在一(yi)定條(tiao)件下可(ke)以保(bao)證(zheng)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)站項目的收益(yi)，但由于儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)站利益(yi)方(fang)主體(ti)參與較少，難(nan)以實現儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)多應用(yong)場景套利。因(yin)此(ci)，本文提出了(le)第三方(fang)投(tou)資共享儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)商業(ye)模(mo)式(shi)。

二、第三方投資共享(xiang)儲能商業模式

本文結(jie)合儲(chu)能電(dian)站多重(zhong)應用(yong)場景，基于(yu)共(gong)享儲(chu)能理(li)(li)念梳理(li)(li)各(ge)利(li)益方(fang)同儲(chu)能電(dian)站投資方(fang)之間的利(li)益關(guan)系，通過(guo)第三(san)方(fang)投資共(gong)享儲(chu)能商業模(mo)式發揮其最大經濟(ji)價值，該商業模(mo)式示意(yi)圖如圖1 所示，儲(chu)能電(dian)站投資方(fang)的收益來源于(yu)多利(li)益方(fang)主體。

圖 1 第(di)三方投資共(gong)享儲能模式示意圖

如圖 1 所示，來(lai)源于(yu)(yu)用(yong)戶方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)收(shou)益(yi)需(xu)要電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)側代收(shou)，然后投資(zi)(zi)方(fang)(fang)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)方(fang)(fang)按照比例進(jin)行分攤；基于(yu)(yu)共(gong)(gong)享儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)理(li)念，儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站可(ke)以(yi)提(ti)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)對(dui)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)消納能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)，減少棄風棄光電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源方(fang)(fang)增加上網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)收(shou)益(yi)同投資(zi)(zi)方(fang)(fang)進(jin)行共(gong)(gong)享；儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站調頻收(shou)益(yi)來(lai)源于(yu)(yu)調頻性能(neng)(neng)(neng)較(jiao)差的(de)(de)常規(gui)機(ji)組(zu)方(fang)(fang)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)煤(mei)耗收(shou)益(yi)來(lai)源于(yu)(yu)需(xu)要儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)將其出(chu)力(li)提(ti)升到經濟區(qu)(qu)間的(de)(de)常規(gui)機(ji)組(zu)。為(wei)保障(zhang)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站運營交(jiao)易的(de)(de)效(xiao)率(lv)和公平，可(ke)參考青(qing)海共(gong)(gong)享儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)示范電(dian)(dian)(dian)站構建基于(yu)(yu)區(qu)(qu)塊鏈技術的(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)享儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)交(jiao)易平臺(tai)，其具有開(kai)放共(gong)(gong)識、交(jiao)易透(tou)明等特點，適用(yong)于(yu)(yu)共(gong)(gong)享儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)模式中(zhong)多主體之間的(de)(de)交(jiao)易。本文(wen)所提(ti)商業模式同青(qing)海共(gong)(gong)享儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站對(dui)比進(jin)一步擴大了(le)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站應用(yong)場景，可(ke)共(gong)(gong)同為(wei)某一區(qu)(qu)域范圍內的(de)(de)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)站、常規(gui)機(ji)組(zu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)以(yi)及各類(lei)型用(yong)戶提(ti)供服(fu)務，實現多主體利益(yi)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)贏。